Chihuahua: Small body, big history and huge personality
- dogpediaitaly
- Oct 10
- 15 min read
The Chihuahua is much more than a purse-sized dog. He is the smallest dog breed in the world, but has a fearless heart and a millennia-old history rooted in the ancient civilizations of Mexico. Native to the Mexican state of the same name, this miniature dog, with its distinctive apple-shaped head and large, expressive eyes, is a bundle of intelligence, vivacity, and affection. Don't let its small size (usually between 1.5 and 3 kg) fool you: the Chihuahua is brave, loyal , and often protective of its human family. Perfect for apartment life, however, due to its fragile body, it requires special attention and consistent training to channel its brave and sometimes stubborn spirit. A devoted and long-lived companion, it can live up to 20 years.
1. Detailed history and origins of the breed
The history of the Chihuahua is shrouded in mystery and as fascinating as its small size. Its roots lie in the darkness of Mexico's pre-Columbian civilizations . It is not just a dog, but a true living historical relic .
The progenitor: The Toltec Techichi
The most widespread theory, supported by archaeological finds and historical documents, identifies the ancestor of the Chihuahua in the Techichi , a small, compact and robust mute dog already domesticated and bred by the Toltec civilization (between the 10th and 12th centuries) in what is now central Mexico.
Archaeological evidence: Sculptures and ceramics depicting dogs very similar to the modern-day Chihuahua have been found at archaeological sites in Mexico, particularly in Colima and the Chichén Itzá area.
Sacred Function: The Techichi was not a simple pet, but fulfilled a sacred and ceremonial role. It was often depicted with mystical significance.
The Aztec cult and its legacy
With the rise of the Aztec Empire (from the 14th century onward), the worship of the Techichi was inherited and intensified. The Aztecs considered these dogs to be true guides to the afterlife ( psychopomps ).
Companions in eternity: Aztec belief held that the techichi could guide the soul of the deceased through the dangers of Mictlan, the underworld . For this reason, it was customary to sacrifice a techichi and bury it with its owner so that it could guide them. The color of its coat was important: it was believed that only yellow (or light-colored) dogs could fulfill this task, as they could reflect divine light.
The postcolonial era and the birth of the modern Chihuahua
The arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century marked a period of decline for the Techichi. The conquest led to the destruction of Aztec culture, and as a result, the Techichi's role disappeared, and many were exterminated.
The Transformation: It is believed that the modern Chihuahua originated from crosses between the Techichi (larger and more robust) and a small dog imported by Spanish traders from Asia or Europe (perhaps the "Perro Chihuahueño," a slimmer and more delicate dog). These crosses resulted in the rounder ( apple-shaped ) head and even smaller size we know today.
Rediscovery: The breed remained largely unknown to the Western world for centuries, surviving in remote areas of Mexico, particularly the state of Chihuahua . Modern specimens were rediscovered in this region by American travelers in the mid-19th century and brought to the United States as a novelty.
Officially recognized: The Chihuahua was recognized as a pure breed by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1904. The name comes directly from the Mexican state and formalizes its unbreakable bond with its country of origin.
Historical period | Civilizations/Key Events | Progenitor and role | Characteristics |
10th-12th centuries | Toltecs | Techichi : Domestic dog and sacred dog. | Compact body, probably silent. |
14th-16th centuries | Aztecs | Techichi : Guide to life after death (Psychopomp). | Sacrificed and buried with the dead. |
16th-19th centuries | Spanish conquest | Decline of the Techichi. Possible crossbreeding. | Introduction of European/Asian dogs. |
Mid-19th century | Rediscovery | Modern Chihuahua : sold to tourists. | Apple-shaped head, toy size. Officially recognized. |
2. Physical characteristics and breed standard
The Chihuahua is widely known as the smallest dog in the world and its breed standard (FCI Standard No. 218) is extremely precise regarding its unique proportions, making it instantly recognizable.
Size and structure
The distinguishing feature of this breed is its extremely small size and compact build. Despite its small size, the dog should appear strong and well-built without being overly fragile, although its anatomical reality requires careful attention.
Physical properties | FCI standard | Further details |
Weight | From 1.5 to 3 kg | The ideal weight is between 1.5 and 3 kg. Weights between 500 g and 1.5 kg are acceptable but not desirable (they often pose major health problems). |
Height at the withers | Not specified, but varies between 15 and 23 cm | Body size is proportional to standard weight. |
Body | Compact, slightly longer than tall. | Back short and strong. Chest broad and deep (barrel chest undesirable). |
Head: The distinguishing feature
The head is the body part that most clearly defines the breed and is known for its distinctive shape.
Apple head : This is the most typical and desirable trait. The skull must be distinctly rounded and domed (like an apple).
Fontanelle ( molera ): A unique feature is the possible presence of an incompletely ossified fontanelle (similar to that of human newborns) on the top of the skull. This is tolerated, but fully closed adult specimens are preferred for better protection.
Muzzle: Very short (about 1/3 of the total length of the head), straight when viewed from the side and tapering to a point.
Stop: Very pronounced (almost 90°), in harmony with the apple shape of the skull.
Eyes: Large, round, but not protruding (although they often appear large), dark in color, with a lively and alert expression. Light eyes are permitted but not desired.
Ears: Large, erect , very open, broad at the base and gradually tapering to a rounded tip. When the dog is at rest, they are tilted sideways.
Fur and color: Two variants
The Chihuahua comes in two different coat varieties, which only differ in the length and texture of the hair.
Hair diversity | Description (FCI standard) | Care instructions |
Shorthair | Short, dense, smooth, and shiny fur all over the body. Soft texture. Slightly longer on the neck and tail. | Minimal maintenance (occasional brushing). |
Long-haired | Fine, silky fur, smooth or slightly wavy. Fringes on the ears, neck (ruff), behind the legs, and tail (feather). | To avoid knots, the coat needs to be brushed more frequently each week. |
Color: The FCI standard accepts all possible colors and color combinations (solid, bicolor, tricolor, brindle, etc.). The only exception concerns hairless specimens.
Tail and gait
The tail is another essential characteristic: set high, medium length, and broad at the base. It is typically carried high and forms a curve or semicircle , with the tip pointing toward the loin. It is never spiraled or curled between the legs.
The gait must be free, elastic, energetic and active, with good reach and power, and show a movement that contradicts its small stature.
3. Temperament and character of the breed
Although the smallest dog in the world, the Chihuahua has the temperament of a true miniature giant . His character is a fascinating blend of boldness, intelligence, loyalty, and sensitivity .
The fearless and alert personality
The Chihuahua is known for its courage and incredible self-confidence . It is not uncommon for it to confront (or attempt to confront) dogs much larger than itself. This trait, often mistakenly interpreted as "small dog syndrome," is actually part of its historical identity as a vigilant dog.
Profound courage: Despite his physical fragility, the Chihuahua is indomitable . He is not afraid to bark at strangers, noises, or other animals and is an excellent, albeit small, watchdog .
Alertness and barking: They are very alert and attentive. Precisely because of their protective and alarm instincts, they can be prone to barking if they are not properly socialized and trained from an early age. However, with proper training, they rarely bark "in vain."
Absolute affection and loyalty
The most affectionate side of the Chihuahua is evident in its relationship with its owner. These dogs develop an exceptionally strong bond with their family and often choose a "chosen one" to whom they give almost absolute loyalty.
Extremely affectionate: They love to be held and cuddled and follow their owner around the house. They are the perfect lap dogs .
Protective instinct and jealousy: The downside of this devotion is that they can become overprotective and sometimes jealous of their owner, especially in the presence of strangers or other animals. Early and consistent socialization is crucial to mitigating this trait.
Intelligence and stubbornness: The challenge of education
The Chihuahua is an intelligent and lively dog, but this intelligence is often accompanied by a certain stubbornness and a dominant personality.
Trainability: They respond well to training, but require consistency and patience . They are very sensitive to tone of voice and do not tolerate harsh methods. The only effective strategy is positive reinforcement (treats, praise).
Dominant personality: If Chihuahuas aren't raised with clear rules from an early age, their small size can lead to their owners overindulging them. This can lead to the development of what's known as "miniature tyrant syndrome." Strict but loving training is essential for a well-balanced Chihuahua.
Climate sensitivity
Due to their small size and low body fat, Chihuahuas are very sensitive to extreme temperatures , especially cold . They require protection (sweaters or coats) in winter and should not be exposed to harsh outdoor weather for extended periods.
character trait | Detailed description | Impact on the owner |
Courageous/vigilante justice | He is not easily frightened and barks at intruders. | Requires socialization to avoid becoming too anxious/reactive. |
Affectionate/Faithful | Extremely attached to the owner, seeks physical contact. | Perfect as a companion dog, but can suffer from separation anxiety. |
Intelligent/Stubborn | Learns quickly but can be dominant. | It requires consistent and positive training, not harsh training. |
Climate sensitive | He suffers from cold and excessive heat. | Requires protective clothing and attention to outside temperatures. |
4. Most important skills and strengths by selection line
The Chihuahua's small size in no way limits its abilities; on the contrary, it makes it an extraordinarily versatile dog and an excellent partner in various disciplines, although there are slight differences between the main breeds.
General abilities and strengths of the breed
The Chihuahua is characterized by activities that combine intelligence, agility and its deep bond with its owner:
Service and therapy dogs: This is their primary role. Their ability to form deep bonds and their need for closeness make them exceptional companions, often used in animal therapy programs due to their warmth and manageable size.
Agility and dog sports for small dogs: Despite their fragility, Chihuahuas are very dynamic and alert . They can excel in agility (miniature dog) competitions, obedience, and freestyle events, as long as the obstacles are appropriate for their size and their joints are protected. Their speed and high energy levels make them miniature athletes.
Fast learners: Although they can be stubborn, they are highly intelligent and responsive. With positive reinforcement and short, fun sessions, they quickly learn commands and tricks.
Adaptability to urban environments: Its small size is its strength for living in cities and apartments. It doesn't require long exercise sessions and adapts well to small spaces, as long as you provide it with half an hour of daily walks and play opportunities.
The different selection lines (bloodlines)
Modern selection has resulted in three main bloodlines, each with a slightly different emphasis on morphological traits that can also influence temperament (albeit to a lesser extent).
selection line | Morphological focus | Characteristics of the dog |
European line | Apple-shaped head (very pronounced), pronounced stop , very compact and short body. | Greater attention to the typicality and perfect proportions of the FCI standard. Typical temperament: courageous and protective. |
American Line | Finer head (less extreme), slightly longer muzzle, more elegant and slender body. | Tends to be slightly larger (approx. 3 kg) and sometimes a more “sporty” appearance. |
Mexican line (original line) | Generally smaller and very compact in construction, often with a more rustic appearance. | Great rusticity and a strong connection to the historical type of the breed. |
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Regardless of their lineage, their true strengths remain their unconditional loyalty and their ability to be an attentive, dynamic, and incredibly affectionate companion dog. They are not suited for use as working dogs or hunting dogs, but they are masters in the role of "best friend."
5. Weaknesses and potential challenges of the breed
The small and delicate anatomy of the Chihuahua, combined with some character traits, brings with it a number of challenges and weaknesses that every potential owner must be aware of and treat with great care.
Physical frailty and joint problems
Because of its small size, the Chihuahua is exposed to risks that are not found in larger breeds, so the risk of traumatic injuries is always present.
Risk of injury: Falls (including from the sofa or into your arms) or accidental kicks can result in serious fractures . It is not recommended for households with very young children who may not handle it with the necessary care.
Patellar luxation : This is the most common orthopedic condition in toy breeds. It involves the displacement of the kneecap from its natural position (femoral groove). The condition is often genetic and can vary in severity (grades 1 to 4).
Symptoms: Intermittent lameness, with the dog lifting its leg for several steps. In more severe cases (grade 3-4), the kneecap is constantly displaced and requires surgery.
Tracheal collapse: Due to their delicate structure, Chihuahuas are prone to this condition. This condition causes the tracheal rings to collapse, resulting in a dry cough (similar to the honking of a goose) and difficulty breathing. For this reason, it is recommended to wear a harness instead of a collar when walking.
Craniofacial anatomical challenges
The characteristic apple head is desired in the standard, but is associated with certain health predispositions:
Open fontanelle (molera): The incomplete fusion of the skull bones (present in many specimens) makes the head extremely vulnerable to trauma. This "opening" should narrow with growth, but sometimes remains.
Hydrocephalus: The shape of the skull can lead to a higher incidence of hydrocephalus (accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain), which can cause neurological problems.
Eye problems: Large, bulging eyes make them prone to irritation, scratches (corneal ulcers), and conjunctivitis.
Dental problems: Like many small breeds, they are extremely prone to tartar buildup and gum problems. Early tooth loss is common. Conscientious daily dental hygiene is essential.
Behavioral weaknesses
If the Chihuahua is not properly socialized or trained, his strong character can lead to problems:
Fear and reactivity: If kept in isolation or over-pampered, he may become fearful and aggressive (biting) in new environments or bark excessively towards strangers, children and other dogs, manifesting his protective instinct in a negative way.
Dependence and separation anxiety: Excessive attachment to the owner can lead to severe separation anxiety when the dog is left alone, which can result in destructive behavior or excessive vocalization.
Main weaknesses | Condition and associated risk | Prevention and management |
Knee | Patellar luxation. | Weight control, light physical activity, joint supplements, surgery in severe cases. |
Head | Open fontanelle (molera), risk of hydrocephalus. | Protect your head from injury. Be extremely careful if your fontanelle is open. |
windpipe | Tracheal collapse. | Exclusive use of the harness instead of the collar. |
Teeth/Gums | Rapid tartar formation, periodontitis. | Daily tooth brushing, regular tartar removal at the vet. |
Behave | Aggression, separation anxiety. | Early and continuous socialization, consistent and non-vice-based education. |
6. Care, health and nutrition: A personalized approach
The care, health, and nutrition of a Chihuahua requires an individualized and careful approach that takes into account its size, rapid metabolism, and specific health vulnerabilities.
Nutrition: Mini diet and fast metabolism
The Chihuahua is a miniature dog with a very fast metabolism . It burns a lot of energy but has a very small stomach. This means that, especially as a puppy, it must eat often and little to avoid hypoglycemia.
Mini kibble: The best choice is high-quality dry food ( kibble ) specifically developed for small breed dogs . These kibbles feature the following properties:
Small size: Makes chewing and swallowing easier.
High in calories/protein: To support a fast metabolism.
Oral hygiene: The shape and consistency of the croquettes help prevent the early formation of tartar.
Essential nutrients: Foods containing the following are recommended:
Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids: For healthy skin, coat and eyes.
Glucosamine and chondroitin: To support joint health (crucial for preventing patellar luxation).
Hydration and freshness: You can supplement your dog's diet with wet food to provide more hydration and palatability. However, dry food is still important for dental hygiene. Keep an eye on your dog's weight! Obesity is a major risk factor for joint health.
Care and hygiene
Grooming varies depending on the type of fur:
Short hair: Requires minimal maintenance. Brushing once a week with a glove or rubber brush is sufficient to remove dead hair and maintain shine.
Long hair: Requires more regular brushing (at least 2-3 times a week) to avoid the formation of knots, especially on the ears, paws and tail (fringe).
Oral hygiene: This is the most important aspect. Daily brushing with toothbrushes and toothpastes specially designed for dogs, as well as regular checkups and tartar removal by the veterinarian, are recommended.
Eyes and ears: Weekly cleaning of the eyes with isotonic solutions to remove secretions and prevent irritation, given the distinctive shape of the eye.
Health and prevention
The Chihuahua is a dog that can live to a very old age (even 15-20 years), but prevention is essential:
Joint checks: Regular checks with your veterinarian for patellar luxation, especially during the growth phase.
Protection from the cold: Wearing coats is essential in winter or in cold environments to prevent hypothermia due to low fat reserves.
Exercise management: Exercise should be moderate and supervised . A 30-minute walk per day is sufficient. Jumping from great heights is recommended, as this can damage the limbs.
Aspect of care | Promotion details for the Chihuahua | frequency |
diet | Special mini/toy croquettes with high nutritional value. | 2-3 meals per day in adulthood. |
Dental care | Brushing teeth. | Daily (or as often as possible). |
Body care | Brushing (depending on coat type). | Short hair: Once a week; Long hair: 2-3 times a week. |
Exercise | Short, controlled walks and playing indoors. | At least 30 minutes a day. |
Protection | Use of harness and winter coat. | Always, for walks and cold climates. |
7. Breed behavior in the family: Who is it suitable for?
The Chihuahua is an exceptional companion dog, whose behavior at home is closely linked to its training and handling. It adapts to different environments but has specific requirements.
In the family and with children
The Chihuahua is extremely affectionate and enjoys participating in family life.
Adults and Seniors: They are the ideal companion for seniors or single people seeking a loyal and ever-present companion. Their low exercise requirements and easy home ownership make them perfect for quieter lifestyles. Their strong affection makes them adept at providing emotional comfort.
Children: This breed can live with children but requires extreme caution and supervision . Due to its fragile body structure (skull, legs), it is not recommended for families with very young children (under 6-7 years old) , who might accidentally treat it like a toy, squeeze it too hard, or drop it, resulting in serious injury. Older children should be taught to treat it with respect and gentleness.
Living together with other animals
With proper socialization, the Chihuahua can live peacefully with other animals.
Other dogs: If socialized from an early age, they get along well with other dogs, even larger ones. However, their bold and dominant nature can lead them to resist submission. They often prefer the company of other Chihuahuas or toy breeds.
Cats: This is a breed that adapts very well to living with cats, especially if they grow up together.
The ideal owner: attention and consistency
A potential Chihuahua owner shouldn't be fooled by its size. They should be someone who:
Present and affectionate: The Chihuahua cannot tolerate loneliness and needs human companionship . The ideal owner works from home, has the opportunity to take the dog with them, or is assured that someone will care for them.
Consistent training: Must be able to provide clear rules and training with positive reinforcement to prevent him from developing the “small dog syndrome” (excessive aggressiveness, barking).
Health conscious: You must be aware of the fragility of this breed and be willing to invest in preventative care (teeth, joints) and protect them from injuries and cold.
Suitable for beginners: The breed is considered suitable for a first purchase , provided the beginner commits to consistent training.
Characteristic in the family | Adaptability/Challenge | Recommended approach |
Apartment life | EXCELLENT (ideal size for tight spaces). | Provide indoor activities and regular walks. |
Seniors/Single | IDEAL (very affectionate, low exercise requirement). | Avoid excessive dependence (separation anxiety). |
Toddlers | BAD (Risk of involuntary physical trauma). | Only with older children who are well-behaved and respect the dog. |
loneliness | POOR (high risk of separation anxiety). | Don't leave him alone for hours. Special training is required to cope with absences. |
8. Famous examples: Royal, cinematic and historical icons
The Chihuahua, with his unmistakable stage presence, has become a true pop and cinema icon and has contributed enormously to his worldwide fame.
Film and television icons
In cinema and television, the Chihuahua has often been used for its ability to create comic contrasts and its extreme photogenicity:
Taco Bell Dog (Gidget): Arguably the most iconic Chihuahua of the 1990s and 2000s. Gidget was a dog who became the face of the fast-food chain Taco Bell 's advertising campaign in the US with the slogan "¡Yo quiero Taco Bell!" (I want Taco Bell!). Her face, if not her voice, became famous worldwide.
Bruiser Woods: He's the Chihuahua who was the loyal companion of Elle Woods (Reese Witherspoon) in the hit film series " Legally Blonde . " Often dressed in pink and carried in a handbag, Bruiser cemented the breed's image as a glamorous accessory (albeit with the heart of a lawyer).
Papi (and Chloe) in Beverly Hills Chihuahua : The animated/live-action series made the breed a star, exploring the luxurious life of a Beverly Hills Chihuahua (Chloe) and her charming Mexican beau (Papi), contributing to a huge surge in popularity.
Celebrity dogs
The breed has experienced a new wave of worldwide popularity in the 21st century, thanks to adoption by numerous celebrities who often showed off their pooches by taking them everywhere:
Tinkerbell Hilton: Paris Hilton 's Chihuahua is perhaps the most famous specimen in the world of gossip and fashion. Paris Hilton often photographed Tinkerbell (sometimes mistakenly called Thinkerbell) in her purse, reinforcing the Chihuahua's image as a luxury companion and an icon of "Y2K" (2000s) style.
Marilyn Monroe and Josefa: Legendary actress Marilyn Monroe had a Chihuahua named Josefa.
Britney Spears, Madonna and other stars: Many celebrities, from Britney Spears to Madonna, have owned or own Chihuahuas, helping to make them a symbol of status and glamour.
Historical and artistic examples
Although the exact identification of Chihuahuas has been complex in the past due to the similarity to the Techichi, the breed has a strong connection to Mexico:
Ancient evidence: The sculptures and archaeological finds depicting their ancestors, the Techichi, are the true “icons of history” of the breed and testify to their antiquity and cultural significance.
The modern Chihuahua is therefore a dog with a heritage that ranges from Aztec cults to Hollywood showbiz , combining a long history with a present as a social media superstar.
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